Books/Monographs

Epstein, Lee, Gunnar Grendstad, Urška Šadl, & Keren Weinshall, editors. The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Judicial Behaviour. Oxford University. Press, in production.

Epstein, Lee, Kevin T. McGuire, & Thomas G. Walker. 2025 (12th ed., in press). 2023 (11th ed.). 2016 (9th ed.). 2013 (8th ed.). 2010 (7th ed.). 2007 (6th ed.). 2004. (5th ed.). 2001 (4th ed.). 1998 (3rd ed.). 1995 (2nd ed.). 1992 (1st ed.). Constitutional Law for a Changing America: Institutional Powers and Constraints. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press.

Epstein, Lee, Kevin T. McGuire, & Thomas G. Walker. 2025 (12th ed.). 2022. (11th ed.). 2019 (10th ed.). 2016 (9th ed.). 2013 (8th ed.). 2010 (7th ed.). 2006 (6th ed.). 2004. (5th ed.). 2001 (4th ed.). 1998 (3rd ed.). 1995 (2nd ed.). 1992 (1st ed.). Constitutional Law for a Changing America: Rights, Liberties, and Justice. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press.

Epstein, Lee, Kevin T. McGuire, & Thomas G. Walker. 2024. (9th ed.). 2021. (8th ed.). 2017 (7th ed.). 2016 (6th ed.). 2012 (5th ed.). 2008 (4th ed.). 2005 (3rd ed.). 2000 (2nd ed.). 1996 (1st ed.). Constitutional Law for a Changing America: A Short Course. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press.

Epstein, Lee, Jeffrey A. Segal, Harold J. Spaeth, & Thomas G. Walker. 2022 (7th ed.). (2015 (6th ed.). 2012 (5th ed.). 2007 (4th ed.). 2003 (3rd ed.). 1996 (2nd ed.). 1994 (1st ed.). The Supreme Court Compendium: Data, Decisions, and Developments. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, Inc. [The 7th ed. is titled The Supreme Court Compendium: Two Centuries of Data, Decisions, and Developments.]

Epstein, Lee & Keren Weinshall. 2021. The Strategic Analysis of Judicial Behavior: A Comparative Perspective. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press (monograph in Cambridge Elements in Law, Economics, and Politics). Click here for a description on CUP’s website.

Epstein, Lee and Stefanie A. Lindquist, editors. 2017. The Oxford Handbook of U.S. Judicial Behavior. Oxford University Press.

Epstein, Lee & Andrew D. Martin. 2014. An Introduction to Empirical Legal Research. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Epstein, Lee, editor. 2013. The Economics of Judicial Behaviour. Edward Elgar: Cheltenham, UK. (Two volumes in Elgar’s series on Economic Approaches to Law, edited by Richard A. Posner & Francesco Parisi.)

Epstein, Lee, William M. Landes & Richard A. Posner. 2013. The Behavior of Federal Judges: A Theoretical and Empirical Study of Rational Choice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Epstein, Lee & Jeffrey A. Segal. 2005. Advice and Consent: The Politics of Judicial Appointments. New York: Oxford University Press.

Epstein, Lee, editor. 2005. Courts and Judges. Volume included in The International Library of Essays in Law and Society. Hampshire, England: Ashgate.

Murphy, Walter F., C. Herman Pritchett, Lee Epstein, & Jack Knight. 2005 (6th ed.). 2002 (5th ed.). Courts, Judges, & Politics. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Epstein, Lee & Jack Knight. 1998. The Choices Justices Make. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press.

Epstein, Lee, editor. Contemplating Courts. 1995. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press.

Walker, Thomas G. & Lee Epstein. 1993. The Supreme Court of the United States: An Introduction. New York: St. Martin’s Press.

Epstein, Lee & Joseph F. Kobylka. 1992. The Supreme Court and Legal Change: Abortion and the Death Penalty. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.

Epstein, Lee, Tracey E. George, & Joseph F. Kobylka. 1992. Public Interest Law Sourcebook: An Annotated Bibliography and Research Guide. NY: Garland Publishing.

O’Connor, Karen & Lee Epstein. 1989. Public Interest Law Groups. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

Epstein, Lee. 1985 (cloth). 1988 (paper). Conservatives in Court. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press. (Revised version of my dissertation.)

Book Sections

Epstein, Lee, Urška Šadl, & Keren Weinshall “The Judiciary and Judicial Behaviour.” Prepared for the Handbook of Comparative Political Institutions, ed. Adrian Vatter & Rahel Freiburghaus. Edward Elgar Publishing, in press.

Epstein, Lee, Gunnar Grendstad, Urška Šadl, & Keren Weinshall. 2024 “Introduction to the Study of Comparative Judicial Behaviour.” The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Judicial Behaviour, ed. Lee Epstein, Gunnar Grendstad, Urška Šadl & Keren Weinshall. Oxford University Press, in production. (Also on Oxford’s site, here.)

Epstein, Lee, Andrew D. Martin, & Kevin Quinn. 2024 “Measuring Political Preferences.” The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Judicial Behaviour, ed. Lee Epstein, Gunnar Grendstad, Urška Šadl, & Keren Weinshall. Oxford University Press, in production. (Also on Oxford’s site, here.)

Epstein, Lee & Jack Knight. 2024. “How Personal Motivations Affect Judges’ Decisions.” The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Judicial Behaviour, ed. Lee Epstein, Gunnar Grendstad, Urška Šadl, & Keren Weinshall. Oxford University Press, in production. (Also on Oxford’s site, here.)

Basabe-Serrano, Santiago with Lee Epstein & Keren Weinshall. 2024. “Backgrounds, Attributes, and Identities.” The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Judicial Behaviour, ed. Lee Epstein, Gunnar Grendstad, Urška Šadl, & Keren Weinshall. Oxford University Press, in production. (Also on Oxford’s site, here.)

Epstein, Lee. 2022. “Exemplary Law Books of 2021.'' In 2021 Green Bag Almanac & Reader, ed. Ross E. Davies, in press.

Epstein, Lee. “The Seminal Contributions of the Institutum Iurisprudentiae Academia Sinica to the Study of Judicial Behavior.” In The Way to the Law: In Commemoration of IIAS's 10th Anniversary, ed. Chien-Liang Lee. Institutum Iurisprudentiae Academia Sinica. (Published in English and Chinese.)

Epstein, Lee & Nicholas Waterbury. 2020. “Judicial Behavior.” In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics, ed. William Thompson. Oxford University Press..

Epstein, Lee. 2020. “Exemplary Law Books of 2020.” In 2020 Green Bag Almanac & Reader, ed. Ross E. Davies.

Epstein, Lee. 2020. “Foreword” to Proactive and Powerful: Law Clerks and the Institutionalization of the Norwegian Supreme Court, by Gunnar Grendstad, William R. Shaffer, Jørn Øyrehagen Sunde, & Eric N. Walternburg. The Hague: Eleven International Publishing.

Epstein, Lee. 2019. “Exemplary Law Books of 2018.” In 2019 Green Bag Almanac & Reader, ed. Ross E. Davies.

Epstein, Lee, Andrew D. Martin, Kevin Quinn, & Jeffrey A. Segal. 2019. “Politics and the Legal System.” In Oxford Handbook of Public Choice, ed. Roger Congleton, Bernard Grofman, and Stefan Voigt. Oxford University Press.

Epstein, Lee & Jack Knight. 2018. “Efficacious Judging on Apex Courts.” In Comparative Judicial Review, ed. Erin F. Delaney & Rosalind Dixon. Elgar Publishing.

Epstein, Lee & Jack Knight. 2018. “Strategic Accounts of Judging.” In Routledge Handbook of Judicial Behavior, ed. Kirk A. Randazzo and Robert M. Howard. Routledge.

Epstein, Lee. 2017. “Exemplary Law Books of 2016.” In 2017 Green Bag Almanac & Reader, ed. Ross E. Davies & Cattleya M. Concepcion.

Epstein, Lee & Jack Knight. 2017. “The Economic Analysis of Judicial Behavior.” In The Oxford Handbook of U.S. Judicial Behavior ed. Lee Epstein & Stefanie A. Lindquist. Oxford University Press.

Epstein, Lee & Jack Knight. 2016. “Foreword’’ to Walter F. Murphy’s Elements of Judicial Strategy. Quid Pro Books, Legal Legends series.

Epstein, Lee. 2016. “Exemplary Law Books of 2015.” In 2016 Green Bag Almanac & Reader.

Epstein, Lee, Jack Knight, & Andrew D. Martin. 2015. “Some Ideas on How Political Scientists Can Develop Real World Implications from Their Research.” In Making Law and Courts Research Relevant: Normative Implications of Empirical Research, ed. Brandon Bartels & Chris W. Bonneau. Routledge.

Epstein, Lee & Jeffrey A. Segal. 2012. “Judicial Selection.” In The Oxford Companion to American Politics. Oxford University Press.

Epstein, Lee & Thomas G. Walker. 2012.“The Supreme Court of the United States.” In The Oxford Companion to Comparative Politics, ed. Margaret E. Crahan, Craig N. Murphy, and Ayse Kaya. Oxford University Press.

Epstein, Lee Andrew D. Martin, Kevin Quinn, & Jeffrey A. Segal. 2012. “Ideology and the Study of Judicial Behavior.” In Ideology, Psychology, and Law, ed. Jon Hanson. Oxford University Press.

Epstein, Lee & Andrew D. Martin. 2010. “Quantitative Approaches to Empirical Legal Research.” In The Oxford Handbook on Empirical Legal Studies, ed. Peter Cane and Herbert Kritzer. Oxford University Press.

Epstein, Lee & Jeffrey A. Segal. 2009. “Nominating Federal Judges and Justices.” In The Oxford Handbook on the American Presidency, ed. George C. Edwards III and William G. Howell. Oxford University Press.

Epstein, Lee. 2008. “The U.S. Supreme Court.” In The Oxford Handbook of Law and Politics, ed. Keith E. Whittington, R. Daniel Kelemen, and Gregory A. Caldeira. Oxford University Press.

Epstein, Lee & Andrew D. Martin. 2005. “Coding Variables.” In The Handbook of Social Measurement, ed. Kimberly Kempf-Leonard. Academic Press.

Epstein, Lee, Jack Knight, & Andrew Martin. 2004. “Constitutional Interpretation from a Strategic Perspective.” In Making Policy, Making Law: An Interbranch Perspective, ed. Mark Miller & Jeb Barnes. Georgetown University Press.

Epstein, Lee & Jack Knight. 2004. “Courts and Judges.” In The Blackwell Companion to Law and Society, ed. Austin Sarat. Malden, MA: Blackwell.

Knight, Jack & Lee Epstein. 2004. “Institutionalizing Constitutional Democracy: A Strategic Analysis of the Role of Courts.” In Politics from Anarchy to Democracy, ed., I. Morris J. Oppenheimer & K.E. Soltan. Stanford University Press.

Epstein, Lee & Jack Knight. 2003. “Walter F. Murphy.” In Pioneers of Judicial Behavior, ed. Nancy Maveety. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

Epstein, Lee & Lynn Mather. 2003. “Beverly Blair Cook.” In Pioneers of Judicial Behavior, ed. Nancy Maveety. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

Epstein, Lee. “Foreword.” 2002 (2nd ed.). 2000 (1st ed.). In The U.S. Supreme Court and the Political Process, ed. by David Ryden. Georgetown University Press.

Epstein, Lee, Jack Knight, & Olga Shvetsova. 2002. “Selecting Selection Systems.” In Judicial Independence at the Crossroads: An Interdisciplinary Approach, ed. Stephen B. Burbank & Barry Friedman. American Academy of Political and Social Science/Sage Publications.

Epstein, Lee & Jack Knight. 2002. “The Strategic John Marshall (and Thomas Jefferson).” In Marbury versus Madison: Documents and Commentary, ed. Mark A. Graber & Michael Perhac. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press.

Epstein, Lee. “Foreword.” 2000. In Constitutional Process: A Social Choice Analysis of Supreme Court Decision Making, written by Maxwell L. Stearns. University of Michigan Press.

Epstein, Lee & Jack Knight. 1999. “Mapping Out the Strategic Terrain: The Informational Role of Amici Curiae.” In Institutional Approaches to Supreme Court Decision Making, ed. Cornell Clayton & Howard Gillman. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Epstein, Lee. 1996. “Beverly Blair Cook.” In Women In Law, ed. Rebecca Mae Salokar & Mary Volcansek. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

Epstein, Lee, Joseph F. Kobylka, & Joseph F. Stewart, Jr. 1995. “A Theory of Interest Groups and Litigation.” In Research in Law and Policy Studies, ed. Stuart Nagel. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

Epstein, Lee. 1995. “Studying Law and Courts.” In “Contemplating Courts, ed. Lee Epstein. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press.

Epstein, Lee & Thomas G. Walker. 1995. “The Role of the Court in American Society: Playing the Reconstruction Game.” In “Contemplating Courts, ed. Lee Epstein. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press.

Main, Eleanor, Lee Epstein, & Debra Elovich. 1992. “Interest Groups in Georgia.” In Interest Groups in the South, ed. Clive Thomas & Ronald Hrebenar. University of Alabama Press.

Epstein, Lee. 1991. “Courts and Interest Groups.” In The American Courts: A Critical Assessment, ed. Charles Johnson & John Gates. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press.

Epstein, Lee, Karen O’Connor, & Diana Grub. 1986. “Legal Systems of the Middle East: The Cases of Israel and Egypt.” In Legal Traditions and Systems, ed. Alan Katz. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

Epstein, Lee & C.K. Rowland. 1986. “Interest Groups in Court: Do Interest Groups Fare Better?” In Interest Group Politics (2nd ed.) Allen Cigler and Burdett Loomis. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press.

O’Connor, Karen & Lee Epstein. 1985. “The Reagan Administration and Abortion Policy.” In The Reagan Administration and Human Rights, ed. Tinsley E. Yarbrough. New York: Praeger.

O’Connor, Karen & Lee Epstein. 1984. “The Role of Interest Groups in Supreme Court Policy Formation.” In Public Policy Formation, ed. Robert Eyestone. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

Articles

Brown, Rebecca L., Lee Epstein & Mitu Gulati. “If Roe Must Go. . . So Must Bruen.” Constitutional Commentary, forthcoming. (ssrn link)

Brown, Rebecca L., Lee Epstein & Mitu Gulati. “The Constraining Effect of ‘History and Tradition’: A Test.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, forthcoming. (ssrn link)

Brown, Rebecca L., Lee Epstein & Mitu Gulati. 2024. “Guns, Judges, and Trump.” Duke Law Journal Online, forthcoming. (ssrn link)

Epstein, Lee. 2024. “Partisanship ‘All the Way Down’ on the U.S. Supreme Court.” Pepperdine Law Review 51: 489-514 (Law Review’s 50th Anniversary Symposium).

Brown, Rebecca L., Lee Epstein & Michael J. Nelson. 2023. ‘‘When It Comes to Electoral Disputes, State Justices are Less Reliable GOP Allies than U.S. Supreme Court Justices—and That’s the ‘Problem’ (Even a Modified Version of) the Independent State Legislature Claim Hopes to Solve.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 708: 208-226. (Article website is here.)

Brown, Rebecca L. and Lee Epstein. 2023 “Is the U.S. Supreme Court a Reliable Backstop for an Overreaching U.S. President? Maybe, but is an Overreaching (Partisan) Court Worse?'' Presidential Studies Quarterly 53: 234-255. (Article website is here.)

Epstein, Lee. “Interested in a Great Example of (How To Conduct) Empirical Legal Research? Look No Further Than How Constitutional Rights Matter.” Jerusalem Review of Legal Studies 28: 31-39 (review essay in a Symposium).

Das, Pablo, Lee Epstein, & Mitu Gulati. 2023. “Essay: Deep in the Shadows?: The Facts About the Emergency Docket.'' Virginia Law Review-Online 109: 73-97. (Article website is here.)

Epstein, Lee & Jack Knight. 2022.. “How Social Identity and Social Diversity Affect Judging." Leiden Journal of International Law 35: 897-911 (Symposium).

Epstein, Lee & Mitu Gulati. 2022. “Essay: A Century of Business in the Supreme Court, 1920-2020." Minnesota Law Review Headnotes 107: 49-74. (This essays backdates and updates a 2013 paper published in the Minnesota Law Review.)

Epstein, Lee & Eric Posner. 2022. “The Roberts Court and the Transformation of Constitutional Protections for Religion: A Statistical Portrait." Supreme Court Review 2021: 315-347.

Epstein, Lee, Urška Šadl, & Keren Weinshall. 2022. “The Role of Comparative Law in the Analysis of Judicial Behavior,” American Journal of Comparative Law, 69: 689-719 (Symposium).

Nelson, Michael & Lee Epstein. 2022. “Human Capital in Court: The Role of Attorney Experience in U.S. Supreme Court Litigation.” Journal of Law and Courts 10(1): 61-85.

Weinshall, Keren & Lee Epstein. 2020. “Developing High-Quality Data Infrastructure for Legal Analytics: Introducing the Israeli Supreme Court Database.” Journal of Empirical Legal Studies 17: 416-434 .

Gibson, James L., Lee Epstein & Gregory P. Magarian. 2020. “Taming Uncivil Discourse.” Political Psychology 41: 383-401.

Epstein, Lee & David T. Konig. 2019. “The Strange Story of the Second Amendment in the Federal Courts, and Why It Matters.” Washington University Journal of Law and Policy 60: 147-170 (Symposium).

Magarian, Gregory P., Lee Epstein, & James L. Gibson. 2019. “Data-Driven Constitutional Avoidance.” Iowa Law Review 104: 1421-1453.

Epstein, Lee. 2019. “How Institutions Structure Judicial Behavior.” University of Toronto Law Journal 69: 275-293 (Review Essay).

Epstein, Lee, Christopher M. Parker, & Jeffrey A. Segal. 2018. “Do Justices Defend the Speech They Hate? An Analysis of In-Group Bias on the U.S. Supreme Court.” Journal of Law and Courts 6: 237-261.

Epstein, Lee & Eric Posner. 2018. “The Decline of Supreme Court Deference to the President.” University of Pennsylvania Law Review 166: 829-860.

Epstein, Lee. 2017. “The Judicial Behavior of the Roberts Court.” Washington University Journal of Law and Policy 54: 1-17 (Symposium).

Epstein, Lee, William M. Landes & Richard A. Posner. 2017. “When It Comes to Business, the Right and Left Sides of the Court Agree.” Washington University Journal of Law and Policy 54: 33-55 (Symposium).

Epstein, Lee & Eric Posner. 2016. “Supreme Court Justices’ Loyalty to the President,” Journal of Legal Studies 45: 401-436.

Epstein, Lee. 2016. “Some Thoughts on the Study of Judicial Behavior.” William & Mary Law Review 57: 2017-2073 (2015 George Wythe Lecture).

Epstein, Lee, Barry Friedman, & Geoffrey Stone. 2015. “Foreword: Testing the Constitution.” NYU Law Review 90: 1001-1040 (Symposium).

Epstein, Lee, Adam Liptak, & William M. Landes. 2015 “The Decision to Depart (or Not) from Precedent.” NYU Law Review 90: 1115-1159 (Symposium).

Epstein, Lee, William M. Landes & Richard A. Posner. 2015. “Revisiting the Ideological Rankings of Supreme Court Justices.” Journal of Legal Studies 44: S295-S317.

Epstein, Lee, William M. Landes & Richard A. Posner. 2015. “The Best for Last: The Timing of U.S. Supreme Court Decisions.”Duke Law Journal 64: 991-1022.

Epstein, Lee. 2013. “The Assault on the Assaulters of Judicial Elections.” Judicature 96: 218-222 (Symposium).

Epstein, Lee, William M. Landes & Richard A. Posner. 2013. “How Business Fares in the Supreme Court.” Minnesota Law Review 97: 1431-1472 (invited as Lead Article).

Epstein, Lee & Jack Knight. 2013. “Reconsidering Judicial Preferences.” Annual Review of Political Science 16: 19.1-19.21.

Epstein, Lee. 2012. “On the Importance of Public Opinion.” Daedalus: Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 141: 5-8.

Epstein, Lee, William M. Landes & Richard A. Posner. 2012. “Are Even Unanimous Decisions in the United States Supreme Court Ideological?” Northwestern University Law Review 106: 699-713 (Symposium).

Epstein, Lee & William M. Landes. 2012.“Was There Ever Such a Thing as Judicial Self-Restraint?” California Law Review 100: 557-578 (Symposium).

Epstein, Lee & Andrew D. Martin. 2012. “Is the Roberts Court Especially Activist? A Study of Invalidating (and Upholding) Federal, State, and Local Laws.” Emory Law Journal 61: 737-758 (Symposium).

Epstein, Lee, William M. Landes & Richard A. Posner. 2011. “Why (and When) Judges Dissent.” Journal of Legal Analysis 3:101-137.

Epstein, Lee & Andrew D. Martin. 2010. “Does Public Opinion Influence the Supreme Court? Possibly Yes (But We’re Not Sure Why).” University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law 13: 263-281 (Symposium).

Epstein, Lee, William M. Landes & Richard A. Posner. 2010. “Inferring the Winning Party in the Supreme Court from the Pattern of Questioning at Oral Argument.” Journal of Legal Studies 39: 433-467.

Westerland, Chad, Jeffrey A. Segal, Lee Epstein, Charles Cameron & Scott Comparato. 2010. “Strategic Defiance and Compliance in the U.S. Courts of Appeals.” American Journal of Political Science 54:891-905.

Epstein, Lee & Tonja Jacobi. 2010. “The Strategic Analysis of Judicial Decisions.” Annual Review of Law and Social Science 6:22.1-22.18.

Boyd, Christina L., Lee Epstein & Andrew D. Martin. 2010. “Untangling the Causal Effect of Sex on Judging.” American Journal of Political Science 54: 389-411.

Epstein, Lee & Charles Clarke. 2010. “Academic Integrity and Legal Scholarship in the Wake of Exxon Shipping, Footnote 17.” Stanford Law & Policy Review 21:33-50 (Revised version of the keynote speech delivered at the 2008 annual Conference on Empirical Legal Studies) (Symposium).

Brennan, Thomas, Lee Epstein & Nancy Staudt. 2009. “Economic Trends and Judicial Outcomes.” Duke Law Journal 58: 1191-1230 (Symposium).

Brennan, Thomas, Lee Epstein & Nancy Staudt. 2009. “The Political Economy of Judging.” Minnesota Law Review 93: 1503-1534 (Symposium).

Epstein, Lee. 2009.“Shedding (Empirical) Light on Judicial Selection.” Missouri Law Review 74: 563-571 (Symposium).

Epstein, Lee, Andrew D. Martin, Kevin M. Quinn & Jeffrey A. Segal. 2009. “Circuit Effects: How the Norm of Federal Judicial Experience Biases the U.S. Supreme Court.” University of Pennsylvania Law Review 157:101-146.

Epstein, Lee & Tonja Jacobi. 2008. “Super Medians.” Stanford Law Review 61 : 37-100.

Epstein, Lee, Andrew D. Martin, Kevin M. Quinn & Jeffrey A. Segal. 2008. “The Bush Imprint on the Supreme Court: Why Conservatives Should Continue to Yearn and Liberals Should Not Fear.” Tulsa Law Review 43: 651-672 (Symposium).

Epstein, Lee, Barry Friedman & Nancy Staudt. 2008. “On the Capacity of the Roberts Court to Generate Consequential Precedent.” North Carolina Law Review 86: 1299-1332 (Revised version of a paper presented at the 2007 Symposium on Precedent and the Roberts Court) (Symposium).

Epstein, Lee, Jeffrey A. Segal & Chad Westerland. 2008. “The Increasing Importance of Ideology in the Nomination and Confirmation of Supreme Court Justices.” Drake Law Review 56: 609-635 (5th Annual American Judicature Society Symposium).

Staudt, Nancy, Barry Friedman & Lee Epstein. 2008. “On the Role of Ideological Homogeneity in Generating Consequential Constitutional Decisions.” University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law 10: 361-386 (Revised version of a paper presented at the 2007 Symposium on Positive Approaches to Constitutional Law and Theory) (Symposium).

Epstein, Lee, Kevin Quinn, Andrew D. Martin & Jeffrey A. Segal. 2008.“On the Perils of Drawing Inferences about Supreme Court Justices from their First Few Years of Service.” Judicature 91: 168-179.

Epstein, Lee, Andrew D. Martin, Kevin M. Quinn & Jeffrey A. Segal. 2007. “Ideological Drift Among Supreme Court Justices: Who, When, and How Important?” Northwestern University Law Review 101: 1483-1542.

Black, Ryan & Lee Epstein. 2007. “(Re-)Setting the Scholarly Agenda on Transjudicial Communication.” Law & Social Inquiry 32: 791-807.

Epstein, Lee, Andrew D. Martin & Christina Boyd. 2007. “On the Effective Communication of the Results of Empirical Studies, Part II.”. Vanderbilt Law Review 60: 801-846.

Epstein, Lee, Andrew D. Martin, Jeffrey A. Segal, & Chad Westerland. 2007. “The Judicial Common Space.” Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization 23: 303-325.

Staudt, Nancy, Lee Epstein, & Peter Wiedenbeck. 2006. “The Ideological Component of Judging in the Taxation Context.” Washington University Law Review 84: 1797-1821 (Symposium).

Epstein, Lee, Andrew D. Martin & Matthew Schneider. 2006. “On the Effective Communication of the Results of Empirical Studies, Part I.” Vanderbilt Law Review 59: 1811-1871 (Symposium).

Epstein, Lee & Jeffrey A. Segal. 2006. “Trumping the First Amendment. Journal of Law & Policy 21: 81-121 (Symposium).

Epstein, Lee, Rene Lindstadt, Jeffrey A. Segal, & Chad Westerland. 2006. “The Changing Dynamics of Senate Voting on Supreme Court Nominees.” Journal of Politics 68: 296-307.

Baldez, Lisa, Lee Epstein, & Andrew D. Martin. 2006. “Does the U.S. Constitution Need an ERA?” Journal of Legal Studies 35: 243-283.

Staudt, Nancy, Lee Epstein, Peter J. Wiedenbeck, Rene Lindstadt, & Ryan J. Vander Wielen. 2005. “Judging Statutes: Interpretive Regimes.” Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review 38: 1909-1970 (Symposium).

Epstein, Lee, Jeffrey A. Segal, Nancy Staudt & Rene Lindstadt. 2005. “The Role of Qualifications in the Confirmation of Nominees to the U.S. Supreme Court.” Florida State University Law Review 32: 1145-1173 (Symposium).

Owens, Ryan J. & Lee Epstein. 2005. “Amici Curiae During the Rehnquist Years.” Judicature 89: 127-133 (Symposium).

Epstein, Lee, Daniel E. Ho, Gary King, & Jeffrey A. Segal. 2005. “The Supreme Court During Crisis.” NYU Law Review 80: 1-116

Black, Ryan & Lee Epstein. 2005. “Recusals and the ‘Problem’ of an Equally Divided Supreme Court.” Journal of Appellate Practice and Process 7: 75-99 (Symposium).

Martin, Andrew D., Kevin Quinn, and Lee Epstein. 2005. “The Median Justice on the U.S. Supreme Court.” North Carolina Law Review 83: 1275-1322 (Symposium).

WERL. (The acronym for Washington University’s weekly Workshop on Empirical Research in the Law.) 2005. “On Tournaments for Appointing Great Justices to the U.S. Supreme Court.” Southern California Law Review 78: 157-178 (Symposium).

Epstein, Lee, Andrew D. Martin, Lisa Baldez, & Tasina Nitzschke. 2004. “Constitutional Sex Discrimination.” Tennessee Journal of Law and Policy 1: 11-68 (Inaugural issue of the journal).

Epstein, Lee. 2004. “Forecasting Supreme Court Decisions: Introduction.” Perspectives on Politics 2: 757-759.

Epstein, Lee and Jack Knight. 2004. “Building the Bridge from Both Sides of the River: Law and Society and Rational Choice.” Law & Society Review 38: 207-212.

Epstein, Lee & Andrew D. Martin. 2004. “Does Age (Really) Matter? A Response to Manning, Carroll, and Carp.” Social Science Quarterly 85: 19-30.

Epstein, Lee & Gary King. 2003. “Building an Infrastructure for Empirical Research in Law.” Journal of Legal Education 53: 311-320 (with commentary from law school deans).

Epstein, Lee, Nancy Staudt, & Peter Wiedenbeck. 2003. “Judging Statutes: Thoughts on Statutory Interpretation and Notes for a Project on the Internal Revenue Code.” Journal of Law and Public Policy 35: 305-333 (Revised version of a paper delivered at the 2002 annual Workshop on Empirical Taxation) (Symposium).

Epstein, Lee, Jack Knight, & Andrew Martin. 2003. “The Norm of Prior Judicial Experience and Its Consequences for Career Diversity on the U.S. Supreme Court.” California Law Review 91: 903-966.

Epstein, Lee, Jack Knight, & Andrew Martin. 2003. “Childress Lecture Symposium: The Political (Science) Context of Judging.” St. Louis University Law Journal 47: 783-817 (Symposium).

Epstein, Lee & Jack Knight. 2003. “Constitutional Borrowing and Nonborrowing.” I•CON, International Journal of Constitutional Law (NYU School of Law) 1:196-223 (Symposium).

Epstein, Lee, Jeffrey A. Segal, & Jennifer Nicoll Victor. 2002. “Dynamic Agenda Setting on the U.S. Supreme Court: An Empirical Assessment.” Harvard Journal on Legislation 39: 395-433.

Epstein, Lee & Gary King. 2002. “The Rules of Inference.” University of Chicago Law Review 69: 1-133; and Epstein, Lee & Gary King. 2002. “Empirical Research and the Goals of Legal Scholarship: A Response.” University of Chicago Law Review 69: 191-209.

Epstein, Lee & Olga Shvetsova. 2002. “Heresthetical Maneuvering on the U.S. Supreme Court.” Journal of Theoretical Politics 14: 93-122.

Epstein, Lee, Jack Knight, & Olga Shvetsova. 2001. “The Role of Constitutional Courts in the Establishment and Maintenance of Democratic Systems of Government.” Law & Society Review 35: 117-164.

Epstein, Lee, Jack Knight, & Olga Shvetsova. 2001. “Comparing Judicial Selection Systems.” William & Mary Bill of Rights Law Journal 10:7-36

Epstein, Lee, Jack Knight, & Andrew Martin. 2001. “The Supreme Court as a Strategic National Policy Maker.” Emory Law Journal 50 (2): 583-611 (Symposium).

Epstein, Lee & Jack Knight. 2001. “Piercing the Veil: Justice William J. Brennan’s Account of Regents of the University of California v. Bakke.” Yale Law and Policy Review 19: 341-379.

Epstein, Lee, Jeffrey A. Segal, & Harold J. Spaeth. 2001. “The Norm of Consensus on the U.S. Supreme Court.” American Journal of Political Science 45: 362-377.

Epstein, Lee & Jack Knight. 2000. “Toward a Strategic Revolution in Judicial Politics: A Look Back, A Look Ahead.” Political Research Quarterly 53: 625-661.

Epstein, Lee. 2000. “Introduction: Symposium on Social Science, the Courts, and Law.” Judicature 83: 224-227.

Epstein, Lee & Jeffrey A. Segal. 2000. “Measuring Issue Salience.” American Journal of Political Science 44: 66-83.

Epstein, Lee, Valerie Hoekstra, Jeffrey A. Segal, & Harold J. Spaeth. 1998. “Do Political Preferences Change? A Longitudinal Study of U.S. Supreme Court Justices.” Journal of Politics 60: 801-818.

Djupe, Paul A. & Lee Epstein. 1998. “From Schubert’s The Judicial Mind to Spaeth’s U.S. Supreme Court Judicial Data Base.” American Journal of Political Science 42: 1012-1019.

Epstein, Lee, Jeffrey A. Segal, & Timothy Johnson. 1996. “The Claim of Issue Creation on the U.S. Supreme Court.” American Political Science Review 90: 845-852.

Knight, Jack & Lee Epstein. 1996. “The Norm of Stare Decisis.” American Journal of Political Science. 40: 1018-1035.

Knight, Jack & Lee Epstein. 1996. “On the Struggle for Judicial Supremacy.” Law & Society Review 30: 87-130.

Epstein, Lee & Thomas G. Walker. 1996. “Positive Political Theory and the Study of U.S. Supreme Court Decision Making: Understanding the Sex Discrimination Cases.” New York City Law Review 1: 155-201 (Inaugural issue of the journal).

Epstein, Lee & Carol Mershon. 1996. “Measuring Political Preferences.” American Journal of Political Science 40: 261-294.

Segal, Jeffrey A., Lee Epstein, Harold J. Spaeth, & Charles Cameron. 1995. “Ideological Values and the Votes of U.S. Supreme Court Justices Revisited.” Journal of Politics 57: 812-823.

Epstein, Lee. 1994. “Exploring the Participation of Organized Interests in State Court Litigation.” Political Research Quarterly 47: 335-351.

Epstein, Lee. 1993. “Interest Group Litigation During the Rehnquist Court Era.” Journal of Law and Politics (University of Virginia School of Law) 9: 639-717 (Symposium).

George, Tracey E. & Lee Epstein. 1992. “On the Nature of Supreme Court Decision Making.” American Political Science Review 86: 323-337.

George, Tracey & Lee Epstein. 1991 “Women’s Rights Litigation in the 1980s: More of the Same?” Judicature 74: 314-321.

Epstein, Lee & C.K. Rowland. 1991. “Debunking the Myth of Interest Group Invincibility in the Courts.” American Political Science Review 85: 205-217.

Epstein, Lee & Charles D. Hadley. 1990. “On the Treatment of Political Parties in the U.S. Supreme Court, 1900-1986.” Journal of Politics 52: 413-432.

Epstein, Lee. 1990. “Interviewing U.S. Supreme Court Justices and Interest Group Attorneys.” Judicature 73: 196-198.

Epstein, Lee, Thomas Walker, & William J. Dixon. 1989. “The Supreme Court and Criminal Justice Disputes: A Neo-Institutional Perspective.” American Journal of Political Science 33: 825-841.

Epstein, Lee & Karen O’Connor. 1988. “States and the Supreme Court: An Examination of Litigation Outcomes.” Social Science Quarterly 68: 660-674.

Walker, Thomas, Lee Epstein, & William J. Dixon. 1988. “On the Mysterious Demise of Consensual Norms in the United States Supreme Court.” Journal of Politics 50: 361-389.

Epstein, Lee & Karen O’Connor. 1987. “States before the U.S. Supreme Court: Direct Representation in Cases involving Criminal Rights.” Judicature 70: 305-306.

O’Connor, Karen & Lee Epstein. 1985. “Bridging the Gap between Congress and the Supreme Court: Interest Groups and the Erosion of the American Rule Governing of Attorneys Fees.” Western Political Quarterly 38: 238-249.

O’Connor, Karen & Lee Epstein. 1984. “Rebalancing the Scales of Justice: An Assessment of Public Interest Law.” Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy 4: 483-505.

O’Connor, Karen & Lee Epstein. 1984. “A Legal Voice for the Chicano Community: The Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund, 1968-1982.” Social Science Quarterly 65: 245-256.

O’Connor, Karen & Lee Epstein. 1983. “Beyond Legislative Lobbying: Women’s Rights Groups and the Supreme Court.” Judicature 67:134-143.

O’Connor, Karen & Lee Epstein. 1983. “Sex and the Supreme Court: An Analysis of Support for GenderBased Claims.” Social Science Quarterly 64: 327-331.

O’Connor, Karen & Lee Epstein. 1983. “The Rise of Conservative Interest Group Litigation.”Journal of Politics 45: 479-489

O’Connor, Karen & Lee Epstein. 1983. “Court Rules and Workload: A Case Study of Rules Governing Amicus Curiae Participation.” Justice System Journal 8: 35-45.

O’Connor, Karen & Lee Epstein. 1982. “The Importance of Interest Group Involvement in Employment Discrimination Litigation.” Howard Law Journal 23: 301-321.

O’Connor, Karen & Lee Epstein. 1981. “Amicus Curiae Participation in U.S. Supreme Court Litigation:An Appraisal of ‘Hakman’s Folklore’.” Law & Society Review 16: 311-320.

Multi-User Databases/Archives

(For datasets used in my books & articles, click on the links above.)

Epstein, Lee, Thomas G. Walker, Nancy Staudt, Scott Hendrickson, & Jason Roberts. The U.S. Supreme Court Justices Database. Updated as needed.

Epstein, Lee, Jeffrey A. Segal, & Harold J. Spaeth. The Blackmun Archive

Weinshall, Keren, Lee Epstein, & Andy Worms. The Israeli Supreme Court Database. Updated annually.

Spaeth, Harold J., Lee Epstein, Sara Benesh, Andrew D. Martin, Jeffrey A. Segal, & Theodore Ruger. The Supreme Court Database. Updated annually.

Short Pieces/Reports/Op Eds

Epstein, Lee. 2024. “The U.S. Supreme Court’s 2023 Docket.” Prepared for the New York Times. Results cited in the New York Times, June 14.

Epstein, Lee, Andrew D. Martin & Kevin Quinn. 2023. “Provisional Data Report on the 2022 Term.'' Prepared for the New York Times. Results cited in the New York Times, July 1.

Epstein, Lee & Mitu Gulati. 2022. “How Pro-Business is the Roberts Court?” Financial Times, August 9.

Epstein, Lee, Andrew D. Martin & Kevin Quinn. 2022. “Provisional Data Report on the 2021 Term.” Prepared for the New York Times. Results cited in the New York Times, July 1.

Epstein, Lee & Pablo Aabir Das. 2022. “The Facts about the Emergency App Docket.” Prepared for the New York Times. Results cited in the New York Times, July 1.

Epstein, Lee, Andrew D. Martin & Kevin Quinn. 2022. “Replacing Justice Breyer.” Prepared for the New York Times. Results cited in the New York Times, January 26.

Epstein, Lee, Andrew D. Martin & Kevin Quinn. 2021. “Provisional Data Report on the 2020 Term.” Prepared for the New York Times. Results in the the New York Times, July 3.

Epstein, Lee, James L. Gibson, & Michael J. Nelson. 2020. “Public Response to Proposals to Reform the Supreme Court.” Prepared for the New York Times.

Epstein, Lee & Eric Posner. 2020. “How the Religious Right Has Transformed the Supreme Court,” New York Times, September 22.

Epstein, Lee, Andrew D. Martin & Kevin Quinn. 2020. “Replacing Justice Ginsburg, September 21.

Epstein, Lee & Eric Posner. 2020. “Trump has the Worst Record at the Supreme Court of Any Modern President,” Washington Post, July 20.

Epstein, Lee, Andrew D. Martin & Kevin Quinn. 2020. “Provisional Report on the 2019 Term.” Prepared for the New York Times. Results cited in the New York Times, July 10, 2020; June 30, 2020.

Nelson, Michael J. & Lee Epstein. 2019. “Academic Highlight: “Lawyers with More Experience Obtain Better Outcomes,” SCOTUSblog, August 23.

Epstein, Lee & Eric Posner. 2018. “If the Supreme Court is Nakedly Political, Can It Be Just?,” New York Times, July 9, 2018.

Epstein, Lee, Andrew D. Martin & Kevin Quinn. 2018. “Replacing Justice Kennedy,” (In Washington Post, October 2, 2018; Business Insider, September 4, 2018; the Wall Street Journal, August 31, 2018; the Washington Post, July 10, 2018).

Epstein, Lee, Andrew D. Martin & Kevin Quinn. 2018. “6+ Decades of Freedom of Expression in the U.S. Supreme Court.” (news analysis for the New York Times, July 1, 2018.)

Epstein, Lee, Andrew D. Martin & Kevin Quinn. 2017. “Kennedy’s Leftward Drift.” (In the New York Times, October 1, 2017.)

Epstein, Lee. 2017. “On Harold.” Law and Courts 27 (Summer), 9-10.

Epstein, Lee, Andrew D. Martin & Kevin Quinn. 2017. “President-Elect Trump and his Possible Justices.” (In the New York Times, January 31, 2017.)

Epstein, Lee & Eric Posner. 2017. “The End of Supreme Court Deference to the President?” (In the New York Times, January 23.)

Epstein, Lee, Andrew D. Martin & Kevin Quinn. 2016. “Possible Presidents and their Possible Nominees.” (In the New York Times, September 25.)

Epstein, Lee, Christopher M. Parker & Jeffrey A. Segal. 2014.“Do Justices Defend the Speech They Hate?” (For the New York Times, May 2.)

Epstein, Lee & Andrew D. Martin. 2012.“The Supreme Court (through the 2011 Term).” (For the New York Times, October 1.)

Epstein, Lee & Jeffrey A. Segal. 2012. “A Brief Report on the Roberts Court and Free Speech.” (For the New York Times, January 7.)

Epstein, Lee & Andrew D. Martin. 2011. “The Voting Behavior of Clarence Thomas”. (For the New York Times, October 22.)

Epstein, Lee & Thomas G. Walker. 2011. “The Post-Court Activities of Supreme Court Justices: Is Sandra Day O’OConnor Unique?” (For the Washington Post, November 6; see also LA Times, July 25, 2012.)

Epstein, Lee, William M. Landes & Richard A. Posner. 2010. “Is the Roberts Court Pro-Business?”. (For the New York Times, December 20.)

Boyd, Christina L. & Lee Epstein. 2009. “Female Justices Make A Difference,” Washington Post, May 3. (Also published in Oakland Tribune, May 10, 2009; San Mateo County Times, May 10, 2009; Contra

Costa Times, May 10, 2009; Alameda Times-Star, May 10, 2009; Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, May 5, 2009; Miami Herald, May 5, 2009; Virginian-Pilot, May 5, 2009; Chapel Hill Herald, May 3, 2009.)

Epstein, Lee, Christina L. Boyd & Andrew D. Martin. 2008. “The Unseen Deciders.” Miller-McCune, October.

Ryan Owens & Lee Epstein 2008. “Interest Groups.” In Enyclopedia of the Supreme Court of the United States, ed. David S. Tanenhaus. Macmillan.

Epstein, Lee, Jeffrey A. Segal & Harold J. Spaeth. 2008. The Blackmun Digital Archive. Law and Courts (Spring) 28-30.

Epstein, Lee, Nancy Staudt, Thomas G. Walker, Jason Roberts & Scott Hendrickson. 2007. The U.S. Supreme Court Justices Database. Law and Courts (Spring): 14-15.

Epstein, Lee & Andrew D. Martin. 2007. “Statistical Inference.” In Encyclopedia of Law & Society, ed. David C. Clark. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Owens, Ryan & Lee Epstein. 2007. “Judicial Decision Making.” In Encyclopedia of Law & Society, ed. David C. Clark. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Gibson, Tobias & Lee Epstein. 2007. “Judicial Selection.” In Encyclopedia of Law & Society, ed. David C. Clark. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Epstein, Lee & Jeffrey A. Segal. 2005. “Changing Room: The Court’s Dynamics Have a Way of Altering a Justice’s Approach to the Law.” The Washington Post, November 20: B01.

Martin, Andrew D., Kevin M. Quinn, & Lee Epstein. 2005. “The “Rehnquist” Court (?)” Law and Courts (Spring): 18-23. (Symposium.)

Epstein, Lee. 2003. “The Supreme Court and the Attitudinal Model Revisited: Introduction.” Law and Courts (Summer): 10-11. (Symposium.)

Epstein, Lee. 2001. “Gregg v. Georgia.” (1976). In The Oxford Companion to American Law, ed. Kermit L. Hall, et al. New York: Oxford University Press.

Epstein, Lee. 2000. “Professional Development.” Law and Courts 10 (Spring): 1,3.

Epstein, Lee. 2000. “Looking Back, Looking Ahead.” Law and Courts 10 (Summer):1, 3-4.

Epstein, Lee. 1999.“The Comparative Advantage.” Law and Courts 9 (Winter): 1-6.

Epstein, Lee & Jack Knight. 1997. “The New Institutionalism, Part II.” Law and Courts 7 (Spring): 4-9.

Epstein, Lee. 1992. “A Better Way to Appoint Justices.” The Christian Science Monitor, 17 March.

Short Book Reviews

The U.S. Supreme Court: A Very Short Introduction by Linda Greenhouse. Jotwell, September 12, 2012.

Strategic Selection: Presidential Nominations of Supreme Court Justices from Herbert Hoover Through George W. Bush, by Christine L. Nemacheck. Political Science Quarterly 122 (2007-08): 664-665.

“Who Shall Interpret the Constitution”: A Review of Congress and the Constitution, edited by Neal Devins and Keith E. Whittington. Texas Law Review 84 (5) (2006): 1307-1315.

Greed, Chaos, and Governance: Using Public Choice to Improve Public Law, by Jerry L. Mashaw. American Political Science Review 92 (1998):205

Public Choice and Public Law, by Maxwell L. Stearns. Law and Politics Book Review 7 (1997): 359-360.

Battles on the Bench, by Phillip J. Cooper. Law and Politics Book Review 6 (1996):23-26.

Property Rights and the Constitution, by Dennis J. Coyle. Law and Politics Book Review 3 (1993):105-108.

The Supreme Court and Partisan Realignment, by John B. Gates and The Judicial Response to the New Deal, by Richard A. Maidment. American Political Science Review 87 (1993): 792-793.

The Poor in Court, by Susan Lawrence. American Political Science Review 86 (1991): 245-246

The Hollow Hope, by Gerald Rosenberg. Law and Politics Book Review (1991):138-142.

In Defense of American Liberties, by Samuel Walker. American Political Science Review 85 (1991): 251252.

Packing the Courts, by Herman Schwartz. Presidential Studies Quarterly 20 (1990): 855-857.

Judicial Review and American Democracy, by Albert Melone and George Mace. Presidential Studies Quarterly 20 (1990): 846-848.

A Mob Intent on Death: The NAACP and the Arkansas Riot Cases, by Richard C. Cortner. American Political Science Review 84 (1990): 296-297.

Judges and Legislators: Toward Institutional Comity, by Robert Katzman, editor. American Political Science Review 83 (1989):1387-1388.